Which types of medications can exhibit an anticholinergic effect?

Anticholinergic effects are associated with medications that block the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors in the nervous system. This mechanism can lead to a variety of side effects, such as dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, blurred vision, and cognitive disturbances.

Certain antihistamines, particularly the first-generation ones, possess anticholinergic properties due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and affect central nervous system functions. Examples include diphenhydramine and chlorpheniramine, both of which can cause sedation and other anticholinergic side effects.

Additionally, many tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline) have significant anticholinergic activity as well, which can contribute to their side effect profile. This includes properties such as dry mouth and constipation, aligning with the characteristics of anticholinergic agents.

The other options listed do not align with the common medications known to exert anticholinergic effects. Antibiotics and antivirals typically target bacterial and viral infections without significant anticholinergic activity, while opioids and narcotics primarily function as pain relievers and do not exhibit the anticholinergic profile. Beta-blockers and diuretics primarily influence cardiovascular and